gender transition in islam

Heba Salah, from Dar Al Ifta, a major Islamic educational institute in Egypt that is linked to the leading religious university Al Azhar, joined a Musawah training conducted in . With this coherent argument, Muslim transgender people should be allowed to receive treatment too, as clarified briefly in both the Tantawi and Khomeini fatwas (Alipour, 2017). How does the theory of evolution make it less likely that the world is designed? Economic development has been mounting over the last two decades, with many, predominantly male, community members finding work in tourism. There follows a detailed fatwa from the scholars of the Standing Committee for Issuing Fatwas, who were asked about a case similar to what is mentioned in the question. Glenda Starke wears a transgender flag at a protest at the Missouri Statehouse in Jefferson City, Mo . Kentucky attorney general Daniel Cameron on Friday challenged a federal judge's ruling that temporarily blocked parts of the state's ban on gender-transition treatments for minors. The women were usually approached in their homes, while working in the fields, or in local womens cooperatives/associations, whereas the men were primarily approached in local stores and association buildings. Its the same reason that makes the girls stop education that makes the women stay at home [rather than] work (Int61-F). She didnt do these things. Rather the Prophets prohibition was a response to his actions in this particular situation. Thus, for many Muslims, but certainly not all, LGBTIQA+3 realities exist in tension with the teachings of Islam (Ghoshal, 2014; Pallotta-Chiarolli, 2018). The question Do you not control your wife? illustrates how the relational negotiation of social norms serves to circumscribe individual agency. Future work could build on this articles conceptualization of inequality-(re)producing mechanisms by exploring the intersections between gender and other forms of identification. "coreDisableSocialShare": false, So, too, does the relational enactment thereof, through which status value becomes recognized and (re)produced: I want[ed] men to respect the women to be respectful, friendly and to not talk badly about the women (Int16-F). Another often-neglected area of study is the complex intersection between business ethics and religious law. Her research centers upon the role of gender, corporate responsibility, and ethics in business and sustainable development more broadly. & Snowdon R. (Eds), Sex change in Cairo: Gender and Islamic law, Transgenderism, transsexuality and sex reassignment surgery in contemporary Sunni fatwas. The translators shared a similar cultural background and experience with the respondents, which helped develop a sense of trust and rapport. Turn to Allah and beseech Him to relieve you of what you are facing, and to heal you from your psychological problems, for control of all things is in His hand, may He be glorified, and He is able to do all things. Several authors have emphasized the importance of introducing Islamic-conform equality policies to support the gradual transformation of local gender regimes (Karam & Jamali, Reference Karam and Jamali2013; zbilgin et al., Reference zbilgin, Syed, Ali and Torunoglu2012; Syed & Ali, Reference Syed and Ali2019; Syed et al., Reference Syed, Ali and Hennekam2018; Syed & zbilgin, Reference Syed and zbilgin2009; Syed & Van Buren, Reference Syed and Van Buren2014). All of them, the religion and the Berber culture, they are the same thing; they are taking care of the woman (Int23-F). Transgender people and religion - Wikipedia 1In Islamic jurisprudence, a fatwa is the theological and legal reasoning of a scholar based on that scholars understanding of Islamic scriptures, the scholars knowledge of the subject in question, and the social milieu that raised the issue or question (Othman etal., 2005). They said, And what is that? He said, Old age (narrated by Abu Daud, see Aun al-Mabuud volume 10, p334). Avishai, Reference Avishai2008; West & Zimmerman, Reference West and Zimmerman1987), and the interplay thereof can result in the feeling of not being recognized as equal in society. These processes supported both the credibility and the transferability of the findings (Schwandt et al., Reference Schwandt, Lincoln and Guba2007), strengthening the development of the conceptual case (Guba & Lincoln, Reference Guba, Lincoln, Denzin and Lincoln2008). Minwalla etal. Most importantly, this Hadith narrative shows that during the Prophets period, the mukhanath were allowed to serve in houses as domestic helpers, and Muslim women did not observe the practice of wearing the hijab (veil) in front of them. (Reference Syed, Ali and Winstanley2005: 154) comment that a womans movements at work are being scrutinized and discussed in asides, as she symbolizes defiance of religious and social norms when entering male workspaces. When asked what she thinks would change if more women were to go out and work, she replied. The risk of losing the security of marriage without any empowering alternative, such as work, implies that women are often left in silence. Everything changed except my mind. Some countries, especially in the Middle East, base their employment laws on the Sharia (Metcalfe, Reference Metcalfe2011; Roald, Reference Roald, Ask and Tjomsland1998). Syed et al. This article identifies respect and shame as key inequality-(re)producing mechanisms contributing to unequal constructions of status value. It is taken as proof that modesty has been broken, hence resulting in honor contempt through shaming. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies This article highlights how urgent it is to understand how relationships of respect shape the organization of agency relationships, as businesses ultimately depend on these. Avoid angular points while scaling radius. Is it preferable for someone to ask God To take revenge on a specific person for him rather than doing by himself? e. Many social changes took place under Islam between 610 and 661, including the period of Muhammad 's mission and the rule of his four immediate successors who established the Rashidun Caliphate . One doesn't interact with most people using one's genitals. 3LGBTIQA+: Abbreviation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and Queer. Doing the interview with her brother seemed to be a green light to also do an interview with her. Abstract. Gender Equality in Islam | The Review of Religions Women bear the weight of patriarchal honor (Badran, Reference Badran2009: 171), with a mans honor depending on a womans perceived conformity to religion-based social norms and values. Fetzer, Thiemo These processes and status hierarchies tacitly inform the valuation and construction of choice, influencing a womans perceived (in)ability to act (Eger et al., Reference Eger, Miller and Scarles2018), as illustrated by a Berber woman in the following quote: The husbands say: We have a home. Why is she going to work? Gender inequalities in diet quality and their socioeconomic patterning Due to the fact that women are born with the ability to give birth to children, and are naturally better equipped to care for a newborn's needs, Islam has assigned them a more central role in terms of the upbringing of . Kato, Kumi Islam that condemns same-sex sexuality and gender diversity but cultural interpretations. If they determine that you are male in outward appearance but are in fact female, then you may submit yourself to their treatment, so that they can bring out your femininity by doing surgery. Louisiana Governor Vetoes Ban on Transition Care for Transgender Minors Women carry a large share of the unpaid work underpinning subsistence farming. Islamic feminists highlight that a womans respect in Islamic communities serves to verify the collective dignity of her family (Stowasser, Reference Stowasser1994). Alodayni, Saleh As far as I can remember i used to wear my brothers pants and shirts since i was 4. Tantawi (Sunni) and Khomeini (Shia) fatwas are then explored as they allow Muslim transgender people to receive treatment and/or gender affirming surgery and, therefore, show how the fatwas provide trans-inclusiveness in Islam. At the beginning of the research, the author was unaware of the marketplace (souk) being primarily a male space and conducted an interview with a local shop owner in the midst of the souk. Its really depressing me. Embodied shame hence is key to moral consciousness, reflecting how an individual can inhabit norms. Mahmood (Reference Mahmood2011: 15) argues that agentival capacity is entailed not only in those acts that resist norms but also in the multiple ways in which one inhabits norms. The shame nexus alludes to the risk of gender assessment and religious assessment (cf. (Reference Grosser, Moon and Nelson2017) called for a more rigorous integration of feminist theory into business ethics research. In Qurn 24:31, God commands a list of persons to whom women are permitted to reveal their charms and beauty, and this includes various relatives, female slaves, those male attendants having no sexual desire for them, and children. 2022. Prevalent norms are strongly focused on womens behavior, and ethical values are constituted according to these norms. The application of employment law is guided by individual judges interpretations of the Sharia. Indeed, if Muslims are only allowed to follow the conservative argument that God has created everything as it is, and God does not make mistakes, then people who are born with a cleft palate and lip should not be treated, as this too would mean interfering with Gods perfect creation. 2019). This can lead to one experiencing difficulties in interview situations, for example, when respondents express views with which the researcher disagrees, such as no women should work or women cannot learn like men. This requires a respect for difference to be able to understand difference. This role is reflected through the institutionalization of male leadership of the household, as illustrated in the quote from Int12-F, a Berber woman/housewife: The man takes care of everything. This study captures the relevance of gossip as a form of narrated ethics. This update also . attracted to the same sex? Fatima Mernissi (Reference Mernissi1991), a Moroccan sociologist, highlights that many hadith that do not fulfill the two stipulations continue to be used within Islamic theology. The gay people pushed to change their gender - BBC News Likewise the woman has a uterus and other connected parts that work in harmony with it, and each part has its own function and characteristics, and produces specific secretions and so on. Islam has always taken sides with the oppressed rather than with the oppressor since the day of its establishment, and this includes taking a stand against transphobia, xenophobia and misogyny (Duderija, 2010, 2013, 2016). Rather, Wicks (Reference Wicks1996: 529) argues that we ought to focus on how it is we ought to live, to the basic practices and activities which make for an excellent, virtuous, or caring community. Islamic feminists have embarked on this exploration, providing unique insights into the study of gender equality in Islam. The majority of Muslims internationally uphold the predominant conservative opinion that a person is forbidden to change what Allah has created based on an interpretation of the Qurnic verse (4: 119). By assessing the mutual dynamics of gender and religion, this article combines feminist theories of gender grounded in an Islamic feminist perspective with theories of respect. Esack (2006: 125) connects the principle of prophetic solidarity in the early time of Islam with the marginalized and oppressed communities (mustadafin: the weak one) of the world today (Esack, 2006). For this reason, transgender people should not be considered sinners and shameless people due to their characteristics, and the existence of these people is also a sign of Allahs natural creation. However, these developments have not equally contributed to increasing employment levels among women. In your case, if you are as you mentioned, that you are certain of your masculinity and that you can play the male role efficiently, even if you have not actually engaged in any sexual activity with any person, then you must preserve your masculinity and accept that which Allah has granted to you of virtue and a favourable situation. Some Muslim eunuchs became highly successful courtiers or generals. The woman feels it in her inside. Kugle (2014) describes how eunuchs inhabited an in-between position that was legally and socially of neither gender, while occupying a high-status function as guards and servants for the womens quarters of aristocratic households, where sexually potent men were not allowed access. Both masculinities and femininities are being constructed through these discursive practices, but the former are given a more agentive role, while the latter have a rather symbolic meaning ascribed. This allows a capturing of how inequality is institutionalized and (re)produced across different levels through status beliefs. This indicates that conceptions of respect and shame are articulated differently depending on intersectional sensibilities and contextual realities. This article proposes that the mutual interdependence of honor respect and honor contempt circumscribe an inequality-(re)producing mechanism rooted in the shame nexus (cf. Revisiting the islam-patriarchy nexus: is religious fundamentalism the This gap of 3.5 percentage points means that an estimated 97 million more women than men claim a religious affiliation worldwide, as of 2010. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Mens status as breadwinners, and to a certain extent also as guardians, entitles them to exert control over womens choices, functioning as a key restraint to a womans agency. Our argument is based on Ibn Hajars descriptions of the fatwas conclusion: that the curse is confined only to those who want to dress as females to deceive for immoral gain, but not transgender and gender diverse people who are intrinsic and ethical. The Berber groups religious practices were less scripturally based, though, partly due to the Berber people not being well versed in Arabic and to prevalent illiteracy in general. Marriage celebrations illustrate the complex combination of Berber customs, such as the use of fertility symbols, and Islamic traditions, including polygamy. Islam Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for Muslims, experts in Islam, and those interested in learning more about Islam. As a Sunni scholar under the Shafii school of thought, Tantawi follows this legal school in resorting to ijtihad by only doing it if: a) one has sufficient knowledge and skill to first return issues into Qurn, Hadiths, and a consensus of Muslims; and b) when these sources are found not to deal sufficiently with certain topics, one may then return the cases involved to qiyas or analogy (Al-Shafii, 1938). The Berbers are an ethnic group native to North Africa. The man is the one who does it. So things like plastic surgery are haraam. PDF Gender and Sexuality - An Islamic Perspective As such, it is important for the reader to understand the positionality of the researcher, who comes from an international background, having lived in countries including Germany, Burkina Faso, Peru, and Colombia and having worked across geographical regions including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Tanzania. Through the progressive Muslim standpoint, this editorial brings awareness of Tantawis and Khomeinis fatwas, that of trusting in the modern science of psychology, gender and sexuality studies in concurrence with Surah 42 Ash-Shuraa, verse 49-50, whereby Allah could create neither male nor female, or non-binary genders. However, this raises questions about the ways in which equality is understood in a MMC context. Eventually, the Qurn verse in Surah al-Nis, (4: 118119) describes how Satan misleads people. However, the realization of these changes often hinges on their practical implementation, especially when laws are perceived as contrary to social norms (Koburtay et al., Reference Koburtay, Syed and Haloub2018). hasContentIssue false, This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (. Sensitive to the gendered experiences of both culture and religion, this research extends current knowledge on the specific mechanisms through which inequality is (re)produced. She describes this as the structural characteristic of the practice of power in Muslim societies (9). Scientist for example, found that certain brain structures in AMAB (assigned male at birth) transsexual folks resemble those of cis-gender females (Foreman et al. So, if he is educated, he will provide everything for his wife, and if they [the wives] need something, they [the wives] will ask the husband (Int57-F). (Eds.). This period will profoundly shape Iran's future. rev2023.7.7.43526. Women in Islam and Muslim Realms: Marriage & Gender Issues If a man talks bad about her, others will believe the man, not her (Int64-F). By adopting an Islamic feminist perspective, this article aims to advance extant knowledge on gender equality in business ethics by studying the diverse, and often contradictory, religious discourses surrounding womens employment. They argue that children lack the maturity to consent to treatments, some of which are . According to Al-'Asqal'n, the exile of those who cause others' attention to be diverted continues until they renounce their wicked behaviour and turn to God in repentance. Women feel that they cannot do anything without asking (Int51-F). Womens social identity is mediated by this form of hegemonic gossip. In MMCs, articulations of norm-conform behavior are circumscribed by religious moral pronouncements that complicate our understanding of gender equality in business ethics.

Revere Journal Obituaries Archives, Swann Auction Galleries, Ad Valorem Tax Georgia Exemptions, Articles G