what led to the rise of african independent churches

The abbreviation AIC covers them all. Search and discover articles on DeepDyve, PubMed, and Google Scholar, Organize articles with folders and bookmarks, Collaborate on and share articles and folders. Leading up to the fight for independence: The fight for independence, or the Algerian war, began with a massacre that occurred on May 8, 1945 in Setif, Algeria. Who are the http://www.deepdyve.com/assets/images/DeepDyve-Logo-lg.png, http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/edinburgh-university-press/the-rise-of-the-african-independent-churches-and-their-present-life-in-ZqOQVpFdGl. [1] As World War I became a reality, officials discussed drafting young Algerians into the army to fight for the French, but there was some opposition. Michael Harper D uring 1918 a semi-literate African called Simon Kimbangu had a vision. Portugal reoccupied the ports of Cabinda and Ambriz in 1855, and relations with Great Britain improved after that. However, the federation was a non-starter for feudal Ethiopia, and it started to systematically undermine it. The movement was known as Mahber Shewate in Tigrinya and as Harakat Atahrir al Eritrea in Arabic. This military rule lasted from 1941 until 1952. The fight for independence in the international arena: The FLN officially started the Algerian War for Independence and followed A t Ahmed's advice by creating tensions in the Franco-American relations. Samia and I carried three bombs from the Casbah to Bab el Oued, where they were primedEach of us placed a bomb, and at the appointed time there were two explosions; one of the bombs was defective and didn't go off. - Djamila B., Zohra D., and Samia, Algiers, September 1956. . Many studies and researches have been done coverg the AICs the whole of Africa. Edinburgh University Press. [2]" Due to the powerful settler population, A t Ahmed believed that Algeria could only achieve independence if the movement became relevant in the international political arena. Consequently, a number of illiterates and semi-literate prophetic figures, who found themselves criticised or frustrated in the Older Churches, found a refuge in the Indigenous Institutions. Similar actions quickly spread across the entire colony, requiring a strong response from the Portuguese forces. 92-7): i. These parties expected the whole country quickly to follow the Ghanaian pattern of constitutional change. Most significantly, it prevented the French from taking advantage of treaties signed by one of its explorers (Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza) with Africans living along the north side of the Congo River. A number of missionaries could not receive their financial support and funds for their projects because of economic crunch abroad. Control over basic administrative matters, including taxation, was surrendered to the new assembly, while matters pertaining to defence and native affairs remained in the hands of an administrator-general. As it did everywhere else, the Industrial Revolution stimulated change in Portuguese Africa. The RDA and its members in the French National Assembly aligned themselves with the French Communist Party, the only effective opposition to the governments of the Fourth Republic. In 1957 this allowed the east and the west to achieve internal self-government without waiting for the north, but it left open the questions of how politics were to be conducted at the centre and how Nigerian independence was to be secured. The federation went into effect September 11, 1952. [1] Abd Al-Qadir fought the French for nearly two decades, but was defeated when the Tijaniyya Brotherhood agreed to submit to French rule as long as they were allowed to exercise freely the rites of their religion, and the honor of their wives and daughters was respected. Having fallen out with the church and the colonial government Dr Arthur was forced to resign both as head of the CSM and as the African representative in LegCo in 1930. By 1965 SWAPO's morale had been elevated by the formation of a guerrilla wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), which forced the deployment of South African Police troops along the long and remote northern frontier. Marxist-Leninist and Maoist ideologies, backed by countries like the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China were behind the nationalist guerrilla movements created to attack Portuguese possessions and claim independence. This page is not available in other languages. In the AICs, therefore, liturgy was made more African, as they made use of dreams, singing, drumming and dancing, some of which were ingredients of African cultural manifestation. KISA and KKEA invited Bishop Daniel Alexander of the South Africa branch of the African Orthodox Church (AOC) to provide religious instruction to their members. [1] Education became an even more effective tool for spreading their revolutionary ideals when Muslims became resistant to sending their children to French schools, especially their daughters. The war in Guinea placed face to face Amlcar Cabral, the leader of PAIGC, and Antnio de Spnola, the Portuguese general responsible for the local military operations. By 1956 Houphout-Boignys policy had secured a widening of the colonial franchises and the beginnings of a system by which each colony was on the way to becoming a separate unit in which African ministers would be responsible for some of the conduct of government. Consequently, industrialisation arrived in the form of government programs designed to improve internal communications and increase the number of European settlers. the Christian Catholic Apostolic Holy Spirit Church in Zion, founded between 1917 and 1920 by Daniel Nkonyane) are primarily interested in the adaptation of Christian teaching and liturgy to indigenous cosmology and ways of worship; they stress expressive and emotional phenomena and cater to the strong fears of witchcraf. The Persecutions of Christians in Africa Notable independence movements took place: For a list of African nations achieving independence, see Decolonisation of Africa. When the French arrived in Algeria in 1830, they quickly took control of all Muslim establishments. These churches to some varying degrees were characterised by a desire for African self-expression and freedom from missionary-control. In 1967 and 1969 the UN called for South Africa's disengagement and requested the Security Council to take measures to oust the South African Defence Force from the territory that the General Assembly, at the request of black leaders in exile, had officially renamed Namibia. 20, His contribution here is that he did not only succeed in describing the problem but he also accomplished the task of awakening others to it. In the end, the Congress settled more than the future of Portugal's African holdingsit also set the rules for any European government which wished to establish an empire in Africa. For example, the Christian God lived in the skies unseen while the Kikuyu worshipped a God who lived high up on Mount Kenya and nobody had ever seen him. In 1787, Blacks in Philadelphia organized the Free African Society, the first organized Afro . Discuss five reasons that led to the emergence of independent churches Do not surround your terms in double-quotes ("") in this field. stream A little more than a year ago, the archival storytelling group came across a photo of a woman carrying on her back a baby holding a tiny Nigerian flag. African theology in recent years has grown with the rise of African Independent Churches and biblical studies . This heralded the 30-year Eritrean war for independence. To save an article, log in first, or sign up for a DeepDyve account if you dont already have one. Claimed for Portugal by Diogo Gomes about 1458, this archipelago of eight major islands was devoted to sugar cultivation using slaves taken from the African mainland. Furthermore, SWAPO espoused a militant platform which called for independence through UN activity, including military intervention. The question one needs to ask is are these churches truly independent or indigenous? Another important objective of the OAU was an end to all forms of colonialism in Africa. Second, differentiate between the so-called Politico-racial factors as compared to the genuine religious and circumstantial factors.3. Its guerrilla fighters attacked the Portuguese headquarters in Tite, located to the south of Bissau, the capital, near the Corubal river . Led by newly elected Afrikaner nationalist Daniel Franois Malan, the South African government rejected this opinion and refused to recognise the competence of the UN to interfere with South-West African affairs. Citations (8) References (46) . (b) Nationalist FeelingsFrom the tail end of the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century, quite a number of African Churches emerged in Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa. The first armed clashes between PLAN cadres and local security forces took place in August 1966. In 1984 the EPLF started its counter-offensive and cleared the Ethiopian from the North-eastern Sahil front. At the General Assembly's request the issue was examined at the International Court of Justice. The independence of the majority of Britain's African territories put the independence of the High Commission territories in Southern Africa on the British agenda, despite their continued economic dependence on South Africa and the relative weakness of their independence movements. The African Independent Churches also arose to fight against the suppression of cultural beliefs and practices. Until April 1970, the military activity of FRELIMO increased steadily, mainly due to the strategic work of Samora Machel in the region of Cabo Delgado. The Botswana's history of independent churches has been greatly influenced by the famous healer and prophetess, Mrs. Christinah Nku, who in 1952 founded the St John Apostolic Faith Mission in South Africa and during her trips to Bechuanaland Protectorate she blessed and prayed for several men and women who later founded their own churches. The British had a head start thanks to their early adoption of steam technology and their supremacy on the high seas. Finally on November 14, 1962 - Ethiopia officially annexed Eritrea as its 14th province. However, in 197879, Ethiopia mounted a series of five massive Soviet-backed offensives and reoccupied almost all of Eritrea's major towns and cities, except for Nakfa. PDF THE STORY OF THE AFRICAN INDEPENDENT CHURCHES And Its Implications for The first political expedient was to convert Nigeria into a federation of three regions. Wilbert Shank, Henry Venn Missionary Statesman (Ibadan: Day Star Press, 1983), p. 31. Independence was quickly recognized for Guinea-Bissau in 1974 and for the Cape Verde Islands and Sao Tome and Principe in 1975. The study of the AICs Botswana should be viewed from this general perspective. On May 24, 1993, after a UN-supervised referendum on April 2325, 1993, in which the Eritrean people overwhelmingly, 99.8%, voted for independence, Eritrea officially declared its independence and gained international recognition. It was not until after independence in 1963 that President Jomo Kenyatta allowed them to open. When the Portuguese refused to renew the agreement in 1853, the British ceased paying tariffs at the ports on either side of the Congo River mouth, claiming that Portugal's claim had expired because they had left the area unoccupied for too long. [2], Thousands of women took part in the war, even on deadly missions. These works have focused on the reasons that caused the rise of the AICs. Eritrea was an Italian colony from 18901941. The Rise of the African Independent Churches and Their - DeepDyve PDF AN INTRODUCTION TO INDEPENDENT AFRICAN CHURCHES - BiblicalStudies.org.uk This strategy culminated in the assassination of Amlcar Cabral in January 1973. The First African Baptist Church of Savannah, Georgia, began in 1777. Although not a major power anymore, Portugal participated in the competition, especially by sending out explorers to solidify their claim to all of the land between Angola and Mozambique. This incensed the Kikuyu and they boycotted the mission churches enmasse. At this juncture it occurred to the northern leaders that by allying themselves to one of the southern parties they might maintain their local monopoly of power and gain prestige in the country as a whole by asking for its independence. The study that has great relevance to Botswana is the one made by Sundkler4 South Africa and a number of other studies by Daneel 5 and a study by Oosthuizen.6 Studies Botswana have been done by Amanze 7 and Kealotswe.8 The common characteristic of all these studies is that the AICs arose as a protest to the Western forms and expressions of Christianity. One was the Cape Verde Islands, located about 1,100 kilometres (700mi) due west of Dakar, Senegal. It was a powerful . African independence movements - Wikipedia A number of factors have been proposed as the "core" reason. Notable independence movements took place: Algeria (former French Algeria ), see Algerian War Angola (former Portuguese Angola ), see Portuguese Colonial War Guinea-Bissau (former Portuguese Guinea ), see Portuguese Colonial War Madagascar (see Malagasy Uprising) Mozambique (former Portuguese Mozambique ), see Portuguese Colonial War 2023 DeepDyve, Inc. All rights reserved. The Kikuyu Independent Schools Association (KISA) was formed in 1934 and the more militant Kikuyu Karinga Education Association (KKEA) soon thereafter. South Africa was offended by the General Assembly's simultaneous dismissal of its various internal Namibian parties as puppets of the occupying power. The people of Eritrea, after finding out peaceful resistance against Ethiopia's rule was falling on deaf ears formed the Eritrean Liberation Movement (ELM) which was formed in 1958. These factors may be divided into two: the worldwide influenza epidemic and the economic depression which followed.A few important indigenous Churches owe their origin indirectly to the deadly influenza epidemic, which spread through West Africa in 1918. The Portuguese once had extensive claims on the West African coastsince they were the first Europeans to explore it systematicallybut by 1800 they were left with only a few ports at the mouth of the Rio Geba in what is now known as the Guinea-Bissau. Sign up today, get DeepDyve free for 14 days. In 1958 the French Fourth Republic collapsed and de Gaulle was returned to power. Its nationalist movement was led by the Marxist-Leninist Liberation Front of Mozambique (FRELIMO), which carried out the first attack against Portuguese targets on September 24, 1964, in Chai, province of Cabo Delgado. A second cause of weakness in Portuguese Africa was the effects of three centuries of Atlantic slave trade which had roots in the older African slave trade. What has Africa gained from 'independence' anyway? "Zionist churches" (e.g. (g) Freedom to exercise gifts of leadershipIn the Main-line churches the way into positions of stewardship, leadership and authority were carefully regulated and people who were not well educated could not expect to go far. After WWII ended, nationalists in Algeria, in alignment with the American anti-colonial sentiment, organized marches, but these marches became bloody massacres. Further south, the Portuguese claimed both sides of the mouth of the Congo River, as well as the Atlantic coast as far south as the Rio Cunene. The Rise of the African Independent Churches and Their Present Life in Incidentally, a number of ministers heeded the advice to close down their churches and preaching stations. The Bible taught that we were all equal in the eyes of God. Robert Macpherson in his book The Presbyterian Church in Kenya notes that preaching against female circumcision in the church started as early as 1907, intensifying in 1914 when two Christian girls rejected the practice. Bookmark this article. PDF The African Independent Church Movement - mcssonline The Rise of the African Independent Churches and Their Present Life in Botswana. Some erudite scholars have stood their grounds in support of and in recognition of African Independent Churches. That bought them into conflict with men like Cecil Rhodes, whose own vision of an empire from "Cape to Cairo" required that the British gain control over the same land (see British Ultimatum). In September 1974, Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown by a military coup in Ethiopia. With regards to the local German population, the occupation was on especially lenient terms; South Africa only repatriated civil and military officials, along with a small handful of political undesirables. For Portuguese governments, the British alliance gave them influence that they could not command themselves, while the idea of a Portuguese empire offered something with which to distract domestic opponents from the struggles initiated by the Napoleonic Wars. seizing African territories, but the Africans simply wanted their territories back and the freedom to live their lives as they saw fit.This surge in African nationalism was fueled by several catalytic factors besides the oppressive colonial experience itself: missionary churches, World Wars I and II, the ideology of Pan-Africanism, and the . Having discussed the history of the independent school last week it would be very remiss of me not to scrutinise its twin, the African Independent Church. Together with Skou, who had remained within the RDA, he argued that Houphouts policy would split up the western African federation into units that would be too small and poor to resist continued French domination. We had been told to place two bombs, but we were three, and at the last moment, since it was possible, we decided to plant three bombs. On March 15, 1961, the UPA, in a tribal attack, started the massacre of white populations and black workers born in other regions of Angola. Portugal built a five-century-long global empire. Their major concern was to develop an digenous expression of Christianity. [3], This is a quote of three women who participated in the war: We had visited the site and noted several possible targets. The votes of a small bloc of African deputies in the French National Assembly were of considerable value to the shifting coalitions of non-Communist parties that made up the unstable French governments of the 1950s, and the RDA began to seek to influence these governments to allow greater freedom to the colonies. Africans resisted strongly against the interference with their political freedom and economic resources. :rsitv Press, 1989:9. [2] Since the MTLD could not gain independence via elections, Hadj turned to violent means and consulted "the head of its parliamentary wing, Hocine A t Ahmed, to advise on how the party might win Algeria's independence through force of arms. The problem of central politics was thus resolved when the northern leaders entered a coalition federal government with the NCNC, and in 1960 Nigeria became independent. The series of guerrilla wars involving Portugal and several armed nationalist groups from Africa in its overseas provinces of Angola, Guinea, and Mozambique, become known as the Portuguese Colonial War (Guerra Colonial or Guerra do Ultramar). SummaryIn this chapter, we have tried to discuss the possible factors that were responsible for the emergence of the AICs. Sudan ECWA Sabbath 13 4.17 4.17 10 Number 12 Percentages Distribu on of proprietorship of Chris an universi es in Nigeria. The government will make it clear that our progress, our hope, our ambitions will only be fulfilled if we have hard work . Among its founders were: Idris Mohammed Adem, President, Osman Salih Sabbe, Secretary General, and Idris Glawdewos as head of military affairs. Spending 16 months in Central Kenya Bishop Alexander trained and ordained four young men; two from Nyeri and Kiambu, as priests, who went on to establish the Orthodox Church in Kenya and two from Embu and Muranga, as deacons, who established the African Independent Pentecostal Church of Africa (AIPCA). By this time Nkrumah had organized his own mass political party, able to win any general election, and during the following years he negotiated with the British a series of concessions that resulted in 1957 in the Gold Coast becoming the independent state of Ghana. This was a firm effort of Portugal's authorities to preserve its old African possessions abroad and refuse any claims of independence. View access options below. The Portuguese government ended colonial slavery in stages with a final decree in 1858 that outlawed slavery in the overseas empire. We itemised seven of such factors. When Thuku formed the East African Association (EAA) in 1921 these ideals were uppermost in his mind. Encouraged and aided by independent neighbours, Guinean nationalists took up arms in 1962 and after 10 years of fighting expelled the Portuguese from three-quarters of Portuguese Guinea. The small size of The Gambia was the principal factor contributing to the delay of its independence until 1965. Mitchell). The Portuguese were the first Europeans to claim territory in sub-Saharan Africa, and their example inspired imitation from other European powers.

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