gender inequality definition google scholar

Between these first five topics and the following ones there is a clear drop in SBS scores. Biases that go beyond gender, such as for overweight people, are also more strongly applied to women [197]. Cultural capital, gender, and school success: The role of habitus. What is "Toxic Masculinity" and Why Does it Matter? Executive gender pay gaps: The roles of female risk aversion and board representation. Women's assessments of gender equality do not consistently match global indices of gender inequality. Lastly, we foresee an emerging stream of research pertaining how the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic challenged women, especially in the workforce, by making gender biases more evident. The role of stereotype threats in undermining girls and womens performance and interest in STEM fields. Gender productivity gap among star performers in STEM and other scientific fields. Dipartimento di Ingegneria dellEnergia, dei Sistemi, del Territorio e delle Costruzioni, Universit degli Studi di Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino, Pisa, Italy, 2 Mimno D, Wallach H, Talley E, Leenders M, McCallum A, editors. Furthermore, the achievement of gender equality might significantly change firm networks and ecosystems, with important implications for their performance and survival. These emerging topics are also interesting to anticipate future trends in gender equality research that are conducive to overall equality in society. Mythicizing and reification in entrepreneurial discourse: Ideology-critique of entrepreneurial studies. Standardization was carried out considering all the words in the corpus, for each specific timeframe. Gender inequality - definition of Gender - The Free Dictionary Gender inequities in the online dissemination of scholars' work Career progression implies an advancement in the hierarchical ladder of the firm, assigning managerial roles to women. The construct of diversity relates to that of brand image [59], in the sense that it considers the richness and distinctiveness of textual (topic) associations. London School of Economics and Political Science, Gender inequality and economic growth: A critical review, The costs of missing the Millennium Development Goal on gender equity. Beaman L, Chattopadhyay R, Duflo E, Pande R, Topalova P. Powerful women: does exposure reduce bias? Access to finance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is there a gender gap? The road to the glass cliff: Differences in the perceived suitability of men and women for leadership positions in succeeding and failing organizations. Lu Y, Li, R., Wen K, Lu Z, editors. Analyzing social robotics research with natural language processing techniques. F.C. Many topics have been covered, ranging from womens education and human capital [12, 13] and their role in society [e.g., 14, 15], to their appointment in firms top ranked positions [e.g., 16, 17] and performance implications [e.g., 18, 19]. Gender Equality | SpringerLink government site. There is a common bias that depicts women as less agentic than males. Female entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia: Opportunities and challenges, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, Analysis of the barriers and limitations for the development of rural womens entrepreneurship. NUMBER: 612678-EPP-1-2019-1-IT-EPPKA2-SSA-B. Given the huge amount of research conducted on the topic, we adopt an innovative methodology, which relies on social network analysis and text mining. Gender and ethnicity differentials in school attainment and labor market earnings in Ecuador. Gendered Taxes: The Interaction of Tax Policy with Gender Equality - IMF This is specifically true for a research field such as the gender-related one, which comprises the work of scholars from different backgrounds. Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. A cross-country analysis of gender gaps, Gender, race, and meritocracy in organizational careers, The paradox of meritocracy in organizations. Optimizing semantic coherence in topic models. This literature mainly points to the fact that women are thought to make decisions differently than men. Effect of business education on women and men students attitudes on corporate responsibility in society, Are there gender-related influences on corporate sustainability? In surveys covering 150 countries, women in societies rated gender-unequal according to global metrics such as education, health, labor-force participation, and political representation did not consistently assess their lives as less in their control or less satisfying than men did. More relevant topics with average stationary trends (except for the last two years) are culture, family, and parenting. Irrespectively of the level of analysis, all these studies tried to uncover the antecedents of womens presence among top managers [e.g., 92, 94] and the consequences of having a them involved in the firms decision-makinge.g., on performance [e.g., 19, 95, 96], risk [e.g., 97, 98], and corporate social responsibility [e.g., 99, 100]. In the second stepbecause a look at the papers showed very sparse results, many of which were not in line with the topic of this literature review (e.g., papers dealing with health care or medical issues, where the word gender indicates the gender of the patients)we applied further inclusion criteria to make the sample more focused on the topic of this literature review (i.e., womens gender equality issues). 2021 November 9; 16(11): e0259930, https://charteredabs.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AJG2018-Methodology.pdf, Salary and rewards in relation to employment, Ideas, customs and social behaviors, including bias and stereotypes, Primary, secondary and tertiary education, Womens relationship with family and family obligations, wok-life balance, The governance structures of firms and society, Appointing women to positions within the workforce, The intellectual capital resulting from education and social capital, Leadership skills and leadership positions, Networking dynamics as they relate to women, The act of raising children and its implications, Measuring the work output of individuals, teams and organizations, Traits and individual characteristics of women, Policies and regulations, women in politics, How women are viewed by their colleagues, peers and society, The roles covered by women in the workforce, Womens relation to sustainability and social responsibility, Psychological, personal, and social welfare of women. Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Vinkenburg CJ, Van Engen ML, Eagly AH, Johannesen-Schmidt MC. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Behind the veil: Women-only entrepreneurship training in Pakistan. Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance, Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm financial performance. Dealing with this topic, some specific roles have been addressed. Scholars have focused on the role of women in their families and the society as a whole [e.g., 14, 15], and, more widely, in business contexts [e.g., 18, 81]. Although the world has seen great strides toward gender/sex equality, a wide gap still remains and unfortunately may be widening. This literature review is organized as follows. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of gender inequality in contemporary society. A very important characteristic of the SBS is that it considers the relationships among words in a text. Economic benefits of gender equality in the EU. These situations reinforce gender stereotypes, which become self-fulfilling prophecies that may negatively affect female students performance by lowering their confidence and heightening their anxiety [121, 122]. Cortina LM, Kabat-Farr D, Leskinen EA, Huerta M, Magley VJ. From this list, we extracted only keywords composed by two, three and four words, we removed all the acronyms and rare keywords (i.e., appearing in less than 1% of papers), and we clustered keywords showing a high orthographic similaritymeasured using a Levenshtein distance [50] lower than 2, considering these groups of keywords as representing same concepts, but expressed with different spelling. In general, human capital is approached both from the education standpoint but also from the perspective of social capital. What is gender inequality? However, for the present paper, we used Scopus metadata in order to have a more effective and efficient n-grams collection approach [49]. Search across a wide variety of disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions. Working for the woman? In this context, literature points to the gender gap in educational attainment, and the consequences for women from a social, economic, personal and professional standpoint. Gender and entrepreneurship: Advancing debate and challenging myths; exploring the mystery of the underperforming female entrepreneur. Differences in health and illness patterns of men and women are attributable both to sex, or biology, and to gender, that is, social factors such as powerlessness, access to resources, and constrained roles. At the highest level of abstraction, it is worth noting that papers abound on the identification of issues related to gender inequalities and imbalances in the workforce and in society. And now Im free: Womens empowerment and emancipation through entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabiaand Sweden. From precision agriculture to Industry 4.0. Subsequently, the experts worked independently, also supported by the keywords in paper titles and abstracts extracted with the procedure described above. Education in local and rural communities is also paramount to communicate the benefits of female empowerment, contributing to overall societal well-being [e.g., 120]. Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: Do female students benefit? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling. We identify 27 main research topics, we measure their relevance from a semantic point of view and the relationships among them, highlighting the importance of each topic in the overall gender discourse. The topic of compensation is related to the topics of role, hiring, education and career progression, however, also sees a very high association with the words gap and inequality. It would be interesting to see more work on the topic of female entrepreneurship, exploring aspects such as education, personality, governance, management and leadership. Other studies maintain a negative association [e.g., 18], and other again mixed [e.g., 184] or non-significant association [e.g., 185]. Balachandra L, Briggs T, Eddleston K, Brush C. Dont pitch like a girl! First, educational choices (decision-making) are influenced by variables such as self-efficacy and the presence of barriers, irrespectively of the career opportunities they offer, especially in STEM [124]. CEO gender, firm performance and agency costs: evidence from India, Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: robust and surprising findings. Faculty of Economics and Management, Centre for Family Business Management, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy. Second, by examining the semantic relationship between topics and how tightly their discourses are linked, we can identify the key relationships and connections between different topics. Cambridge University Press . Each country of the world is experiencing it one or the other way the term "gender inequality" refers to the seeming or actual unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. A field experiment exploring how pay and representation differentially shape bias on the pathway into organizations. : Grant of the Italian Association of Management Engineering (AiIG), Misure di sostegno ai soci giovani AiIG 2020, for the project Gender Equality Through Data Intelligence (GEDI). Full article: Gender equality in higher education and research Google Scholar Citations. Firstly, we retrieved from the Scopus database all the articles written in English that contained the term gender in their title, abstract or keywords and were published in a journal listed in the Academic Journal Guide 2018 ranking of the Chartered Association of Business Schools (CABS) (https://charteredabs.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/AJG2018-Methodology.pdf), considering the time period from Jan 2000 to May 2021. Gender and sex inequalities: Implications and resistance Once women access education, the image they have of the world and their place in society (i.e., habitus) affects their education performance [13] and is passed on to their children. A meta-analytic test of sex differences in performance and rewards, Is there an implicit quota on women in top management? The only exception is the text of the abstracts (over 15,000) that we have downloaded from Scopus. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Women, careers, and work-life preferences. Scholars have investigated antecedents and consequences of the presence of women in these apical roles. Gender differences in financial reporting decision making: Evidence from accounting conservatism. Considering the above-mentioned networks, we calculated diversity using the distinctiveness centrality metricas in the formula presented by Fronzetti Colladon and Naldi [61]. The gender earnings gap among college-educated workers. 11.3: Sociological Perspectives on Gender Stratification Subsequently, we highlight a series of under-studied connections between the topics where there is potential for future research. Investments in gender equality contribute to lifelong positive outcomes for children and their communities and yield considerable inter-generational payoffs, as children's rights and well-being often depend on the rights and well-being of women. Women also express differing preferences towards work-family balance, which affect whether and how they pursue human capital gains [210], and ultimately their career progression and salary. As society grapples with the effects of climate change and increasing depletion of natural resources, a narrative has emerged on women and their greater link to the environment [226]. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Economic studies have indicated that womens education and entry into the workforce contributes to social and economic well-being [e.g., 4, 5], while their exclusion from the labor market and from managerial positions has an impact on overall labor productivity and income per capita [6, 7]. This means it is not only mentioned more often than other topics, but it is also connected to a greater number of other topics and is central to the discourse on gender equality. Semantic importance comprises the three dimensions of topic prevalence, diversity and connectivity. Therefore, looking at a single database (i.e., Scopus) should not be considered a limitation of our study. Researchers may use our study as a starting point to identify key themes addressed in the literature. Women in academic science: A changing landscape, Psychological Science in the Public Interest. On the other side, they studied womens leadership styles and influence on the firms decision-making [e.g., 152, 154, 155, 199], with implications for performance [e.g., 18, 19, 96]. On the one side they looked at hiring and career progression [e.g., 83, 92, 160, 168, 198], finding women typically disadvantaged with respect to their male counterparts. Koenig AM, Eagly AH, Mitchell AA, Ristikari T. Are leader stereotypes masculine? Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Risk factors for domestic violence: findings from a South African cross-sectional study. Sexual violence (SV) is a highly prevalent public health issue in the U.S. On the other hand, men are often unaware of gendered processes and behaviors that they carry forward in their interactions and decision-making [211, 212]. How gender stereotypes of emotion lead to biased evaluations of female leaders. Penalties for success: reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks, Cracking the glass cages? Analyzing the effect of corporate governance composition on environmental performance. Scoping reviews are the most appropriate as they provide the freedom to map different themes and identify literature gaps, thereby guiding the recommendation of new research agendas [38]. . We chose Scopus as source of literature because of its popularity, its update rate, and because it offers an API to ease the querying process. Van der Vleuten M, Jaspers E, Maas I, van der Lippe T. Intergenerational transmission of gender segregation: How parents occupational field affects gender differences in field of study choices, Parental education, grade attainment and earnings expectations among university students, Job preferences, college major, and the gender gap in earnings, Measuring sex stereotypes: A multination study, Gender and the career choice process: The role of biased self-assessments, Increasing womens contribution on board decision making: The importance of chairperson leadership efficacy and board openness. n. A disproportionate difference, as in attitudes and voting preferences, between the sexes. Gender discrimination and growth: theory and evidence from India. However, we observed a shift in the more recent years towards solution seeking in this domain, which we strongly encourage future researchers to focus on. A female style in corporate leadership? Indeed, according to the SBS analysis, career progression is highly related to words such as work, social issues and equality. 8600 Rockville Pike They were selected by two of the co-authors independently, following respectively a bottom up and a top-down approach. Parental investment in schooling: Evidence from a subsistence farming community in South Africa. In addition to the SBS score of the different topics, the network of terms they are associated to enables to gauge the extent to which their images (textual associations) overlap or differ (Fig 4). A large-sample statistical analysis, Women in upper echelons of management, tenure and legal risk, Do gender differences persist? Gender is never just about sex but varies by race, ethnicity, nation, class, and a variety of other dimensions of social life. The computing resources and the related technical support used for this work have been provided by CRESCO/ENEAGRID High Performance Computing infrastructure and its staff. To guide the literature analysis, two experts met regularly to examine the sample of collected papers and to identify the main topics and trends in gender research. The output of the latter step allows grouping together the inflected forms of a word. In addition, we identified a further set of keywords (with respect to those listed in the keywords field) by applying a series of automatic words unification and removal steps, as suggested in past research [53, 54]. Pitman T, Roberts L, Bennett D, Richardson S. An Australian study of graduate outcomes for disadvantaged students. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, CEO gender, ethical leadership, and accounting conservatism. Gender inequality remains one of the most pervasive challenges in global health and development. Moreover, it would be relevant to understand how womens networks (social capital), or the composition and structure of social networks involving both women and men, enable them to increase their remuneration and reach top corporate positions, participate in key decision-making bodies, and have a voice in communities. Scholars have dedicated a massive effort towards understanding gender equality, its determinants, its consequences for women and society, and the appropriate actions and policies to advance womens equality. On the other hand, the are some topics that, even if not among the most important, show increasing SBS trends; therefore, they could be considered as emerging topics and could become popular in the near future. Trivelli L, Apicella A, Chiarello F, Rana R, Fantoni G, Tarabella A. Integrating perspectives on womens career equality for gender inclusion and interventions. The dimension of connectivity represents the brokerage power of each research topici.e., how much it can serve as a bridge to connect other terms (and ultimately topics) in the discourse [36]. Education is also a factor that should boost employability of candidates and thus hiring, career progression and compensation, however the relationship between these factors is not straightforward [115]. Breaking the glass ceiling? Indeed, these textual elements already demonstrated to be reliable sources of information for the task of domain lexicon extraction [43, 44]. Despite some attempts, extant literature reviews provide a narrow view on these issues, restricted to specific topicse.g., female students presence in STEM fields [20], educational gender inequality [5], the gender pay gap [21], the glass ceiling effect [22], leadership [23], entrepreneurship [24], womens presence on the board of directors [25, 26], diversity management [27], gender stereotypes in advertisement [28], or specific professions [29].

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