supreme court of the united states

Likewise, Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office, but his successor (Millard Fillmore) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. As of January2019[update], there are: As of March2012[update], the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions, covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012. The court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction Era case ex parte McCardle (1869), although it rejected Congress' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in United States v. Klein (1871). Landmark 6-3 decisions overshadow a smattering of liberal wins. Over the ensuing years, the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way. [citation needed] The rest join for a one-time fee of $200, earning the court about $750,000 annually. [4] When a vacancy occurs, the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoints a new justice. "[219] Indeed, federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure "during good behavior", and their pay may "not be diminished" while they hold their position (Section 1 of Article Three). Analysis: Why the Supreme Court won't see a backlash this time [51] It also expanded Griswold's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws (Roe v. Wade)[52] but divided deeply on affirmative action (Regents of the University of California v. Bakke)[53] and campaign finance regulation (Buckley v. Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob, aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded, and hanged from a bridge, after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson's body reading: "To Justice Harlan. [9], The Supreme Court held its inaugural session from February 2 through February 10, 1790, at the Royal Exchange in New York City, then the U.S. Claims of judicial activism are not confined to any particular ideology. Justice Brandeis, in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference, suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy. [102] No subsequent effort to impeach a sitting justice has progressed beyond referral to the Judiciary Committee. ", The court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority. [59][60][61][62][63] It struck down single-sex state schools as a violation of equal protection (United States v. Virginia), laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process (Lawrence v. Texas)[64] and the line-item veto (Clinton v. New York) but upheld school vouchers (Zelman v. Simmons-Harris) and reaffirmed Roe's restrictions on abortion laws (Planned Parenthood v. Over that period, the conservative bloc has been in the majority about 62% of the time that the court has divided along ideological lines, which represents about 44% of all the 54 decisions. Although Kavanaugh had a higher percentage of times in the majority, he did not participate in all cases, voting in the majority 58 out of 64 times, or 91% of the cases in which he participated. Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the court orders briefing from the respondent, the respondent may, but is not required to, file a response to the cert petition. "[286], Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the court into the political arena, and deciding questions that are the purview of the other two branches of government. No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated (West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette), and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend. Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits. [224] Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the law review or a member of the moot court board. The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol, but maintains its own Supreme Court Police, separate from the Capitol Police. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point of U.S. The power of judicial review, in fact, is nowhere mentioned in it. Jun 29th 2023 | NEW YORK. [207], At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for decision. It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and associate justices Thomas, Alito, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Barrett, appointed by Republican presidents, compose the court's conservative wing, and that Justices Sotomayor, Kagan, and Jackson, appointed by Democratic presidents, compose the court's liberal wing. If it is granted, the case proceeds to the briefing stage; otherwise, the case ends. [75][76], Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, known as the Appointments Clause, empowers the president to nominate and, with the confirmation (advice and consent) of the United States Senate, to appoint public officials, including justices of the Supreme Court. Each justice also decides routine procedural requests, such as for extensions of time. [252][253] Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has "become increasingly hostile to voters" by siding with Indiana's voter identification laws which tend to "disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver's licenses, especially poor and minority voters", according to one report. The power to define the Supreme Court's size and membership has been assumed to belong to Congress, which initially established a six-member Supreme Court composed of a chief justice and five associate justices through the Judiciary Act of 1789. All six were confirmed by the Senate on September 26, 1789; however, Harrison declined to serve, and Washington later nominated James Iredell in his place. [283][284] Failed Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork wrote: "What judges have wrought is a coup d'tat, slow-moving and genteel, but a coup d'tat nonetheless. [173] The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the court's history. He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s, at least in part, to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts. For the most part, the day-to-day activities of the justices are governed by rules of protocol based upon the seniority of justices. [98][99][100] No constitutional mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, but unable (or unwilling) to resign. For example, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual, as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda. The U.S. Supreme Court currently consists of nine members: one chief justice and eight associate justices. In the past,[when?] [55][56][57], The Rehnquist Court (19862005) was known for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism,[58] emphasizing the limits of the Constitution's affirmative grants of power (United States v. Lopez) and the force of its restrictions on those powers (Seminole Tribe v. Florida, City of Boerne v. In effect, it results in a return to the status quo ante. [209], It is possible that through recusals or vacancies the court divides evenly on a case. [312][313] For example, the increasing use of a 'shadow docket' facilitates the court making decisions in secret without hearing oral arguments or giving an explanation regarding its ruling. The court's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority, as in Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1935), the Steel Seizure Case (1952), and United States v. Nixon (1974). "[238], Subsequent to news reports in the summer of 2022 of undue influence through donations to the Supreme Court Historical Society,[243] the House Committee on the Judiciary convened a hearing to determine covert activity and influence on SCOTUS members by the Faith and Action (now Faith and Liberty) group, entitled "Undue Influence: Operation Higher Court and Politicking at SCOTUS",[244] at which the chief counsel for the watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), testified to the inherent danger of wealthy activists accessing and influencing justices, noting that Supreme Court justices are not subject to the gift bans applied to lower court judges, so that justices are "accepting gifts based on whether they choose to accept them or not". [166] Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied. Supreme Court of the United States - Britannica The court advises counsel to assume that the justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case. In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups, which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group's views. In such instances, a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly. This clause is one example of the system of checks and balances inherent in the Constitution. The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination, which expires at the end of the session. Ten Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices: Byron White for Frederick M. Vinson, John Paul Stevens for Wiley Rutledge, William Rehnquist for Robert H. Jackson, Stephen Breyer for Arthur Goldberg, John Roberts for William Rehnquist, Elena Kagan for Thurgood Marshall, Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and Anthony Kennedy, Brett Kavanaugh also for Kennedy, Amy Coney Barrett for Antonin Scalia, and Ketanji Brown Jackson for Stephen Breyer. What to Know About a Seemingly Fake Form in a Supreme Court On the other hand, through its power of judicial review, the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government; for example, in United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936), Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981), and notably in Goldwater v. Carter (1979), which effectively gave the presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress. Ordinarily, a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it "granted" or "denied" or entering a standard form of order; however, the justice may elect to write an opinion, referred to as an in-chambers opinion. They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument. ", The Supreme Court firmly established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison (1803), consummating the American system of checks and balances. [142], As of 2021, associate justices receive a yearly salary of $268,300 and the chief justice is paid $280,500 per year. Andrew Johnson, who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the court. [303], This criticism is related to complaints about judicial activism. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. Supreme Court of the United States - Wikipedia In explaining the power of judicial review, Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts, part of the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. [128] Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981. After initially meeting at Independence Hall, the court established its chambers at City Hall. Supreme Court ruling leaves states free to outlaw abortion. Section 421212(b), in turn, Supreme Court ruling leaves [163], By the completion of the 2021 term, the percent of 63 decisions favoring the conservative majority had reached 30%, with the percent of unanimous cases having dropped to the same number. "[6][7] They delineated neither the exact powers and prerogatives of the Supreme Court nor the organization of the judicial branch as a whole. "[220] Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education. circuit justices also sometimes granted motions for bail in criminal cases, writs of habeas corpus, and applications for writs of error granting permission to appeal.[190]. According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog, in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011, an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues (22%) were decided by a 54 vote, with an average of 70% of those split opinions decided by a court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines (about 15% of all opinions issued). 2d 753 (2010), with "S. Ct." representing the Supreme Court Reporter, and "L. Get all of the most up-to-date coverage from AP News. [221] Nixon ultimately complied with the Supreme Court's ruling.[222]. [165] Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, only Democratic senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination, citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy, and the Republican majority's prior refusal to take up President Barack Obama's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy. Judicial interference in political disputes, Selected landmark Supreme Court decisions. Circuit. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. As retired justices, they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court, but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts, usually the United States Courts of Appeals. By the mid-1970s, clerking previously for a judge in a federal court of appeals had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice. Although subject to the process of impeachment, only one justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court justice has been removed from office. Gorsuch is the first justice to clerk for and subsequently serve alongside the same justice, serving alongside Kennedy from April 2017 through Kennedy's retirement in 2018. Supreme Court to weigh law barring domestic abusers from Constitutional or federal law. [218] Nevertheless, the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well-established precedent. Established by Article Three of the United States Constitution, the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789. [224] Generally, law clerks serve a term of one to two years. [90][91], When the Senate is in recess, a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies. A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October, and continues until June or early July of the following year. For other uses, see, United States Military Judicial Authority, Toggle Criticism and controversies subsection, Srpskohrvatski / , Nomination, confirmation, and appointment. The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report. Resolving an important question of federal law, or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the court. [174][175] The contempt proceeding arose from the lynching of Ed Johnson in Chattanooga, Tennessee the evening after Justice John Marshall Harlan granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal. After the government moved to Washington, D.C., the court occupied various spaces in the Capitol building until 1935, when it moved into its own purpose-built home. For example, in DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974), the court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit, and a decision from the court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered. Circuit), Justice Sotomayor (Second Circuit), Justice Alito (Third Circuit), Justice Barrett (Seventh Circuit), and Justice Gorsuch (Tenth Circuit). His contention was not that the court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements, but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary, as well as the other branches of government, to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution. Each opinion sets out the Courts judgment and its reasoning [163] The highest agreement between justices was between Roberts and Kavanaugh, who agreed at least in judgement 94% of the time; the second highest agreement was again between Ginsburg and Sotomayor, who agreed 93% of the time. Only Amy Coney Barrett did not; she received her law degree at Notre Dame. [218], Since the founding of the republic, there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the democratic ideals of egalitarianism, self-government, self-determination and freedom of conscience. Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial, parallel reporters: Supreme Court Reporter, published by West (now a part of Thomson Reuters), and United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Edition (simply known as Lawyers' Edition), published by LexisNexis. President Donald Trump's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat left vacant by Antonin Scalia's death was the second. It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal. "[174] The local sheriff, John Shipp, cited the Supreme Court's intervention as the rationale for the lynching. Also, the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration: lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations, as do law enforcement officials.[223]. Each Supreme Court justice hires several law clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari, research them, prepare bench memorandums, and draft opinions. WebFederal Court. Congress can increase the number of justices, giving the president power to influence future decisions by appointments (as in Roosevelt's Court Packing Plan discussed above). On July 6, 1835, Chief Justice John Marshall, nearing 80 years of age, died in Philadelphia. [307][308][309] Several observers considered this a shift of government power into the Supreme Court, and a "judicial coup" by some members of Congress including Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, urging action to reform the Supreme Court. Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees. "[332] Others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends "protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level. [232][233] Aziz Z. Huq argues that by blocking progress of democratizing institutions, increasing the disparity in wealth and power, and empowering an authoritarian white nationalist movement, that the Supreme Court has already created a "permanent minority" that is incapable of democratic defeat. [269] President Abraham Lincoln warned, referring to the Dred Scott decision, that if government policy became "irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court the people will have ceased to be their own rulers. [85] After receiving their commission, the appointee must then take the two prescribed oaths before assuming their official duties. The 1st United States Congress provided the detailed organization of a federal judiciary through the Judiciary Act of 1789. [191] The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit, the Fourth Circuit (which includes Maryland and Virginia, the states surrounding the District of Columbia), and since it was established, the Federal Circuit. ", "Approval Rating for Supreme Court Hits Just 44% in Poll", "The Stability and Durability of the US Supreme Court's Legitimacy", "Supreme Court Trust, Job Approval at Historical Lows", "The Supreme Court and the Dynamics of Democratic Backsliding", "What to know about the Supreme Court and ethical concerns", "Justices Disclose Privately Paid Trips and Gifts", "Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort", "Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors", "Why Supreme Court justices should not be signing $2 million book deals", "Justice Obscured: Supreme court justices earn quarter-million in cash on the side", "Amy Coney Barrett took speaking fees from a group that pushed Mississippi's abortion ban. '"[287] The reviewer writes: "few (reporters) dig deeply into court affairs. It was defeated 7020 in the Senate, and the Senate Judiciary Committee reported that it was "essential to the continuance of our constitutional democracy" that the proposal "be so emphatically rejected that its parallel will never again be presented to the free representatives of the free people of America. Most recently, the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland, as the nomination expired in January 2017, and the vacancy was filled by Neil Gorsuch, an appointee of President Trump. Court Rules. In reality, pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys. [216][217], Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases, in the form ".mw-parser-output .var-serif{font-family:"Nimbus Roman No9 L","Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:118%;line-height:1}vol U.S. page, pin (year)", where vol is the volume number, page is the page number on which the opinion begins, and year is the year in which the case was decided. A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the Court of Appeals of that circuit, but over the past hundred years, this has rarely occurred. The committee's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent. [42] It held that segregation in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (Brown v. Board of Education, Bolling v. Sharpe, and Green v. County School Bd. Visitors are seated on a first-come first-served basis. "Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s," according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School. [3] However, it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction. George Will wrote that the court has an "increasingly central role in American governance. WebCurrent Members. "[271], During different historical periods, the court has leaned in different directions. Creating a "third branch" of government was a novel idea; in the English tradition, judicial matters had been treated as an aspect of royal (executive) authority. "[226] Most law clerks are recent law school graduates. [10] A second session was held there in August 1790. Circuit, Democratic backsliding in the United States, failed to disclose many large financial gifts, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen, List of United States Supreme Court leaks, The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court, United States Electoral College Criticism, Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Supreme Court of the United States Size of the court, Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts, List of courts which publish audio or video of arguments, List of presidents of the United States by judicial appointments, Lists of United States Supreme Court cases, List of pending United States Supreme Court cases, Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, List of landmark court decisions in the United States, Administrative Office of the United States Courts, "Essays on Article III: Good Behavior Clause", "Essays on Article III: Judicial Vesting Clause", "Supreme Court Nominations: present1789", "February 2, 1790: Supreme Court Holds Inaugural Session", "Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments, United States Reports volumes 2107 (179182)", "Seriatim: The Supreme Court Before John Marshall", "The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts", "The People's Vote: 100 Documents that Shaped America Marbury v. Madison (1803)", "The Constitution in Law: Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court", "Decisions of the Supreme Court Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred and Eleven Years", "Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty: A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled", "Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings, Defending Judicial Independence", "The Court vs. Congress: Prayer, Busing, and Abortion", "Sotomayor's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race, Gender Nonsense", "Opinion for the Court, Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366", "Responses of Judge John G. Roberts, Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden", "What's New in the Legal World? United States Supreme Court justices are pictured in October 2022: Sonia Sotomayor (front row from left), Clarence Thomas, Chief Justice John Roberts, Samuel Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft. The nominations of justices are endorsed by individual politicians in the legislative branch who vote their approval[clarification needed] or disapproval of the nominated justice. Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice. [281][282] Past presidents from both parties have attacked judicial activism, including Franklin D. Roosevelt, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan. final court of appeal and final expositor of the Constitution of the United States. [138][139] The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down. [161], The October 2018 term, which saw the replacement of Anthony Kennedy by Brett Kavanaugh, once again saw a low rate of unanimity: only 28 of 71 decided cases were decided by a unanimous court, about 39% of the cases. Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session (less than two years). The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925, who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street, and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955. The highest rate of full agreement was between Ginsburg and Kagan (82% of the time), closely followed by Roberts and Alito, Ginsburg and Sotomayor, and Breyer and Kagan (81% of the time). Five of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges: Chief Justice Roberts (D.C. Bush vs. Gore? [65] The court's decision in Bush v. Gore, which ended the electoral recount during the 2000 United States presidential election, was especially controversial. [82], Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate. [224] A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools, especially Harvard, Yale, the University of Chicago, Columbia, and Stanford. One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832, when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court's decision in Worcester v. Georgia. Chief Justice Roberts was once again the justice most often in the majority (61 out of 72 cases, or 85% of the time). Supreme Court of the United States - Ballotpedia At the behest of Chief Justice Chase and in an attempt by the Republican Congress to limit the power of Democrat Andrew Johnson, Congress passed the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866, providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced, which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition. [117] Whether it would be constitutional to expand the size of the Supreme Court in ways understood to be designed to "pack" it with justices that would rule more favorably on a president's agenda or to simply change the ideological composition of the court remains unclear. A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal", "Justice Black Dies at 85; Served on Court 34 Years", "100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education (1954)", "The Supreme Court: Now Comes the Sixth Amendment", "Roe v. Wade: On Anniversary, Abortion Is out of the Spotlight", "Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist's Key Decisions", "William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of Supreme Court, Is Dead at 80", "The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States' Rights Legacy", "Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally", "Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism", "Retire the 'Ginsburg rule' The 'Roe' recital", "Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice", "In Steps Big and Small, Supreme Court Moved Right", "Court Under Roberts Is Most Conservative in Decades", "A new era for the Supreme Court: the transformative potential of a shift in even one seat", "Respecting Precedent, or Settled Law, Unless It's Not Settled", "Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights", "Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment", "Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape", "Essays on Article II: Appointments Clause", "Qualifications To Become A Supreme Court Justice", "Frequently Asked Questions: General Information - Supreme Court of the United States", "Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court", "Senate Republicans Deploy 'Nuclear Option' to Clear Path for Gorsuch", "U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations, Present-1789", "Facts about Supreme Court oath ceremonies", "The passionate intensity of the confirmation process", "The Stakes of the 2016 Election Just Got Much, Much Higher", "Supreme Court Appointment Process: Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote", "National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al", "Obama Won't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week", "(Mis)Understanding Good-Behavior Tenure", "How the Federal Courts Are Organized: Can a federal judge be fired?

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